Brion Sever

Table A1. The Impact of Perceived Certainty on Past Criminal Behavior
Table A2. The Impact of Perceived Severity on Past Criminal Behavior
Table A3. The Impact of Perceived Certainty on Forecasts of Criminal Behavior
Table A4. The Impact of Perceived Severity or Swiftness on Forecasts of Criminal Behavior
Table A5. The Impact of Perceived Certainty at Earlier times on Criminal Behavior at Later Times (Panel Studies)
Table A6. The Impact of Perceived Severity at Earlier Times on Criminal Behavior at Later Times
Table A7. The Impact of Experienced Certainty on Later Criminal Behavior
Table A8. The Impact of Experienced Severity or Swiftness on Later Criminal Behavior
Table A9. The Impact of Miscellaneous Experienced Sanctions on Later Criminal Behavior
Table A10. The Impact of Experienced Arrests on Later Criminal Behavior
Table A11. The Impact of Experienced Certainty and Severity on Perceived Certainty
Table A12. The Impact of Experienced Severity on Perceived Severity
Table A13. The Impact of Miscellaneous Experienced Sanctions on Perceptions of Punishment
Table A14. The Impact of Arrest Being Caught on Perceived Risk
Table A15. The Impact of Past Criminal Behavior on Perceived Certainty
Table A16. The Impact of Past Criminal Behavior on Perceived Severity

Table A17. The Impact of Certainty of Punishment on Crime Rates - Macro-level Cross-sectional Studies
Table A18. The Impact of Severity of Punishment on Crime Rates - Macro-level Cross-sectional Studies
Table A19. The Impact of Arrest Volume and Combined Punishment Levels on Crime Rates - Macro level Cross-sectional Studies
Table A20. The Impact of Capital Punishment on Crime Rates - Cross-sectional Studies
Table A21. The Impact of Certainty of Punishment on Crime Rates - Macro-level Longitudinal Studies
Table A22. The Impact of Severity of Punishment on Crime Rates - Macro level Longitudinal Studies
Table A23. The Impact of Arrest Volumes on Crime Rates - Macro-level Longitudinal Studies
Table A24. The Impact of Miscellaneous Punishment Levels on Crime Rates - Macro-level Longitudinal Studies
Table A25. The Impact of Capital Punishment on Crime Rates - Longitudinal Studies
Table A26. The Impact of Execution Publicity on Crime Rates- Longitudinal Studies

The dependent variables in Table 9 include percentage of total officer images that are female, percentage of general officer images that are female, and the percentage of images of officers interacting with community member that are female. Officers interacting with the community denote images where the officers are simply interacting with the community in a positive manner (not making an arrest, etc.). Control variables for these variables include city population, and police per 100k people (sworn officers per 100,000 people). Percent Female Officers (actual percentage officers that are female) will be the primary variable of interest in this analysis. This variable was collected through departmental web-pages, surveys of police departments, media reports within the last two years, and through departmental Facebook pages.

While there was some explanatory value in Table 8, results of the models that test the percentage of females in images of officers in Facebook pictures are negligible. We did find that the actual percentage of female officers across cities does have a significant positive impact on the percentages of the officer images that consist of female officers across those cities. The model as a whole, however, provides little explanation of female officers in images.

Ordinary Least Squares Regression (OLS) of % of the population that is female, population size, and police force size, % of officer images that are of Female Officers (n= 163 Cities)

*p< .05
**p< .01
(Standard Error in Parentheses)